Suppose that the employer is hiring workers in a perfectly competitive market where the market equilibrium wage is `$8`.
Graphing window shows horizontal axis: 0 to 14, vertical axis: 0 to 14. Start Graph, Color blue
x
y
0
8
1
6
2
4
3
2
4
-0
5
-2
6
-4
7
-6
Label "Labor (L)" at pixel coordinates (175,0).Label "Wage (w)" at pixel coordinates (0,170).Label "VMPL" at (1,8-1).
How many workers will be hired at this wage?
Find the wage on the vertical axis and read off the graph how many workers are available to work at that wage.
The table below shows data for the production of soda for an individual firm operating in an imperfectly competitive market.
Number of workers
Number of Apples
Marginal Revenue
0
0
20
10
90
19
20
162
18
30
216
17
40
252
16
50
270
15
Given this data, complete the table:
Quantity of soda
Marginal Product of Labor (MPL)
Marginal Revenue Product of Labor (MRPL)
0
-
-
10
9
171
20
7.2
129.6
30
5.4
91.8
40
3.6
57.6
50
1.8
27
Marginal product is the additional output of one more worker. Mathematically, Marginal Product is the change in total product divided by the change in labor: MPL = ΔTP/ΔL. Marginal Revenue Product = MPL x MR.
Suppose that a firm has market power in their output market. Suppose that the employer is hiring workers in a perfectly competitive market where the market equilibrium wage is $.
The graph below shows the labor demand curve for this firm.
Note: VMPL stands for Value of the Marginal Product of Labor. MRPL stands for Marginal Revenue Product of Labor.
Graphing window shows horizontal axis: 0 to 30, vertical axis: 0 to 30. Start Graph, Color red
x
y
0
37.5
1
36.5
2
35.5
3
34.5
4
33.5
5
32.5
6
31.5
7
30.5
8
29.5
9
28.5
10
27.5
11
26.5
12
25.5
13
24.5
14
23.5
15
22.5
16
21.5
17
20.5
18
19.5
19
18.5
20
17.5
21
16.5
22
15.5
23
14.5
24
13.5
25
12.5
26
11.5
27
10.5
28
9.5
29
8.5
30
7.5
Start Graph, Color blue
x
y
0
37.5
1
35.5
2
33.5
3
31.5
4
29.5
5
27.5
6
25.5
7
23.5
8
21.5
9
19.5
10
17.5
11
15.5
12
13.5
13
11.5
14
9.5
15
7.5
16
5.5
17
3.5
18
1.5
19
-0.5
20
-2.5
21
-4.5
22
-6.5
23
-8.5
24
-10.5
25
-12.5
26
-14.5
Start Graph, Color black
x
y
0
16
1
16
2
16
3
16
4
16
5
16
6
16
7
16
8
16
9
16
10
16
11
16
12
16
13
16
14
16
15
16
16
16
17
16
18
16
19
16
20
16
21
16
22
16
23
16
24
16
25
16
26
16
27
16
28
16
29
16
30
16
Label "Labor (L)" at pixel coordinates (175,0).Label "Wage (w)" at pixel coordinates (0,170).Label "VMPL" at (10,450/12-10). Label "MRPL" at (10,450/12-15).
What is the number of workers that this firm will hire if this firm is selling its output in an imperfectly competitive market?
10.75
For firms with market power in their output market, they choose the number of workers where the going market wage equals the firm's marginal revenue product.
Suppose that a firm DOES NOT have market power in their output market. Suppose that the employer is hiring workers in a perfectly competitive market where the market equilibrium wage is $16.
The graph below shows the labor demand curve for this firm.
Note: VMPL stands for Value of the Marginal Product of Labor. MRPL stands for Marginal Revenue Product of Labor.
Graphing window shows horizontal axis: 0 to 30, vertical axis: 0 to 30. Start Graph, Color red
x
y
0
39.167
1
38.167
2
37.167
3
36.167
4
35.167
5
34.167
6
33.167
7
32.167
8
31.167
9
30.167
10
29.167
11
28.167
12
27.167
13
26.167
14
25.167
15
24.167
16
23.167
17
22.167
18
21.167
19
20.167
20
19.167
21
18.167
22
17.167
23
16.167
24
15.167
25
14.167
26
13.167
27
12.167
28
11.167
29
10.167
30
9.167
Start Graph, Color blue
x
y
0
39.167
1
37.167
2
35.167
3
33.167
4
31.167
5
29.167
6
27.167
7
25.167
8
23.167
9
21.167
10
19.167
11
17.167
12
15.167
13
13.167
14
11.167
15
9.167
16
7.167
17
5.167
18
3.167
19
1.167
20
-0.833
21
-2.833
22
-4.833
23
-6.833
24
-8.833
25
-10.833
26
-12.833
27
-14.833
Start Graph, Color black
x
y
0
12
1
12
2
12
3
12
4
12
5
12
6
12
7
12
8
12
9
12
10
12
11
12
12
12
13
12
14
12
15
12
16
12
17
12
18
12
19
12
20
12
21
12
22
12
23
12
24
12
25
12
26
12
27
12
28
12
29
12
30
12
Label "Labor (L)" at pixel coordinates (175,0).Label "Wage (w)" at pixel coordinates (0,170).Label "VMPL" at (10,470/12-10). Label "MRPL" at (10,470/12-15).
What is the number of workers that would be hired if this firm would be selling its output in a perfectly competitive market?
27.17
Note that since marginal revenue is less than price, the demand for labor for a firm which has market power in its output market is less than the demand for labor for a perfectly competitive firm. As a result, employment will be lower in an imperfectly competitive industry than in a perfectly competitive industry.
The graph below shows the supply and demand curves for labor in a perfectly competitive market.
Graphing window shows horizontal axis: 0 to 13, vertical axis: 0 to 13. Start Graph, Color red
x
y
0
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
8
7
9
8
10
9
11
10
12
11
13
12
14
13
15
Start Graph, Color blue
x
y
0
12
1
11
2
10
3
9
4
8
5
7
6
6
7
5
8
4
9
3
10
2
11
1
12
0
13
-1
Label "Labor (L) in thousands" at pixel coordinates (175,0).Label "Wage (w)" at pixel coordinates (0,170).Label "Demand" at (1,12+1). Label "Supply" at ((13-2)/ 1,11).
What is the equilibrium quantity of workers hired in this market?
thousand
5
The equilibrium in the labor market occurs at the intersection of the demand for labor and the supply of labor.
The graph below shows the supply and demand curves for labor in a perfectly competitive market.
Graphing window shows horizontal axis: 0 to 13, vertical axis: 0 to 13. Start Graph, Color red
x
y
0
4
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
5
9
6
10
7
11
8
12
9
13
10
14
11
15
12
16
13
17
Start Graph, Color blue
x
y
0
12
1
11
2
10
3
9
4
8
5
7
6
6
7
5
8
4
9
3
10
2
11
1
12
0
13
-1
Label "Labor (L) in thousands" at pixel coordinates (175,0).Label "Wage (w)" at pixel coordinates (0,170).Label "Demand" at (1,12+1). Label "Supply" at ((13-4)/ 1,11).
What is the equilibrium wage that will prevail in this market?
$
8
Equilibrium wage is where supply intersects demand curve.
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